Flow Networks and Basin Precipitation

Prepared by Tyler L. Jantzen, Nishesh Mehta, Katherine Marney, Fernando Salas

and David R. Maidment

GIS in Water Resources

Fall 2009

Goal

Computer and Data Requirements

Building a Stream Network

Base Flow Index

Animating Storm Precipitation

Basin Mean Precipitation

Items to be Turned In

Goal

The goal of this exercise is to explore NHDPlus and especially its network capabilities, and also to plot a time distribution of precipitation over the basin and compare that with the time distribution of flow at the outlet.

Computer and Data Requirements

To carry out this exercise, you need to have a computer, which runs the ArcInfo version of ArcGIS 9.3.1. The data are provided in the accompanying zip file, http://www.ce.utexas.edu/prof/maidment/giswr2009/Ex5/Ex5.zip   When you open this zip file you will find a geodatabase and a NetCDF file of aggregated precipitation.

You also need the Arc Hydro Toolbar.  This has recently been updated for ArcGIS version 9.3.1. This should already be installed in your laboratory computer so please don’t try installing them again if they are already there.

The ArcHydro installation file may be obtained from ESRI ArcHydro Online data support system: http://support.esri.com/index.cfm?fa=downloads.dataModels.filteredGateway&dmid=15.  Click on the latest ArcHydro Tools version under Downloads.  You will need to install both the ApFramework and ArcHydro setup files, in that order.  If you want a more recent beta version of the ArcHydro tools, you can get the latest version from ftp://RiverHydraulics:[email-masked].   This is also accessible at http://www.ce.utexas.edu/prof/maidment/giswr2009/Ex5/ArcHydroTools.zip

Ex5.zip contains a geodatabase called SanMarcos_NHDPlus_raw.mdb, which is the entire San Marcos basin cut from NHDPlus Region 12, and in this exercise we are going to use the NHD Catchment information at a greater degree of detail than the Watershed Boundary Dataset that we used in Exercises 2 and 3.  The NHDPlus is based on the National Hydrography Dataset Medium Resolution (1:100,000 scale), which was originally developed by the USGS.  More information about the National Hydrography Dataset can be found at http://nhd.usgs.gov/.  More information about NHDPlus can be found at http://www.horizon-systems.com/nhdplus/.  Elevation-based flow direction grids, flow accumulation grids, and catchments have been developed.  The National Land Cover Dataset has been applied to these catchments, and information regarding catchment and watershed land cover linked to flowlines.  Mean precipitation has been calculated for each catchment, and basic streamflow modeling has been conducted for each reach.  Two methods have been used to determine mean annual flow and mean annual velocity.  Thus, it is possible, without any additional calculations, to estimate stream flow and velocity at any given reach.  Value Added Attributes, which assist with tracing throughout the stream network, have also been added.  Lastly, USGS Streamflow Gages have been snapped to the network, allowing nearly seamless integration between NHDPlus and the National Water Information System (http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/rt).  The snapped USGS Streamflow Gages are available through the USGS at http://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/USGS_Streamgages-NHD_Locations_GEODB.zip.

The precipitation data came from the National Climatic Data Center’s THREDDS server. The base URL for the server is http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/thredds  and the Stage-IV Nexrad datasets are at: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/thredds/catalog/radar/StIV/catalog.html
These data are daily precipitation in mm as measured by the Nexrad radar rainfall system.  The data were in netCDF format and were imported into ArcGIS using the Multidimensional tools to get the files that you are using in this exercise.

Building a Stream Network

There is lots of fun stuff we can do to explore NHDPlus, but lets create a geometric network of the NHDFlowlines.   Open Arc Catalog and go to the SanMarcos_NHDPlus_raw.mdb geodatabase.You must have the ArcInfo version of ArcGIS not the ArcView version to do the next step.  Right click on the Hydrography feature dataset and select New/Geometric Network.

Click Next to the first Panel that displays,  in the second one, click on NHDFlowline to be  included in the network, say Yes to preserving existing attribute values, and No to do you want complex edges in your network, No to Do your features need to be  snapped, and No to Do you want to assign weights, then hit Finish.

You’ll see a computation box emerge and then go away as the connectivity table is built, and then, you’re done.  Now if you look at your Hydrography feature dataset, you’ll see you’ve got some new things in it, a Hydrography_Net network and a point feature class of Hydrography_Net_Junctions that were created during the network flow creation.

Close Arc Catalog and Open a new ArcMap display, and add the Hydrography_Net network to the map display and appropriately symbolize it.   Save your ArcMap display as SanMarcosNetwork.mxd

You can see all these new junctions that have appeared as part of the network building process.  In Arc Map, use View/Toolbars/Utility Network Analyst to add the Network Analyst toolbar to your ArcMap display.  Use Flow/Display Arrows to symbolize your flow directions.  Oops!  Looks bad.  A lot of black dots.

The NHDFlowLines have an attribute FlowDir that indicates what direction the flow proceeds on them.  In this case, FlowDir = 1 means that the flow direction is the same as the direction of digitization of the lines in the NHDFlowline feature dataset.

Use View/Toobars/Arc Hydro 9 tools to bring up the Arc Hydro toolbar.  Then in the Arc Hydro tools Network Tools/Set Flow Direction.  Click on NHDFlowline in the Layers window to select the feature class.  Click on the Assign based on attribute option and choose FlowDir as the attribute.  Click OK to initiate the assignment of flow direction and pretty soon, you’ll see your bad black blobs turn to nice black arrow heads and flow direction is assigned.   What this means is that each NHDFlowline had a numerical attribute (0, 1, 2, 3) for that line whose values correspond to different types of flow direction, as shown below, and this direction is now assigned internally within the geometry of the network so that the Utility Network Analyst can correctly interpret it.

Network Tracing

In the Utility Network Analyst toolbar, use Flow/Display Arrows again to toggle off the flow direction arrows and also click off the display of the generic junctions so you just leave the network itself displayed in Arc Map.   Use the Utility Network Analyst Add Edge Flag Tool  to add an edge flag near the outlet of the network.

And then select Trace Upstream to identify all the upstream edges. Hit the  symbol on the end of the toolbar to initiate the trace.

And Voila!! You get this marvelously selected network.  Use Analysis/Clear Results to get a clear network again.

If you use , you’ll just get a “bong” noise that indicates that you have no disconnected edges (if sound is turned on on your computer).  Ok, Houston, we have liftoff!!  Disconnected edges are not good in networks because they require editing to be fixed or they indicate isolated streams whose linkage to the stream network is unknown.

Use  Analysis/Clear Flags to get rid of the Flag that you laid down, and then Analysis/Options  to switch the Results from Drawing to Selection.  This has the effect of allowing us to actually select records with network traces, rather than just see a red graphic network as we just did.  Click Apply and Ok, to close out this window.

Identifying Catchments that drain to a USGS gage

Using the NHDFlowlines and Catchments feature classes we can find out which catchments are associated with a given USGS gage. To use this capability we first build a relationship between catchments and flowline feature classes. Save your ArcMap document as SanMarcosNetwork.mxd again. Open ArcCatalog. Browse to the folder you have stored the exercise data to the SanMarcos_NHDPlus_raw geodatabase. Right click on the geodatabase and scroll to new relationship class.

Click to open the following window. Let’s call the new relationship class CatchmenthasFlowline.  For origin feature class browse scroll to the Hydrologic Units feature dataset and associate it with Catchment feature class. In destination feature class, scroll to Hydrography and select NHDFLowline.. Click Next.

In the next window select Simple (peer to peer) relationship and click next.

The next screen inquires the direction of message propagation within the database. Click Both. This enables queries from either feature class to return data from the related feature class. Leave the labels as they are.

Click next. In the next window we must specify the nature of relationship. Since sometimes a single catchment is associated its flowline we choose 1-1. Select that and click next.  Note: there are some small fragments in the NHDFlowline features that mean that there are slightly more flowlines than catchments but we won’t be concerned with that in this exercise.

Next, choose not to add any attributes to the relationship class. Click next.

In the next window we must specify which field will connect the two feature classes. As we did when working with NHDPlus in Exercise 2, we will use COMID. In both drop down menus pick COMID and click next.

Click Next and then Finish.

Now you have anew relationship class in your database. Our data is ready to find associated catchments. Open ArcMap and add the feature classes Catchment, USGSGageEvents and the geometric network to it.

Lets check out our relationship class.  Zoom in to somewhere in the basin and click on a Catchment using the Identify tool .  You’ll see a window appear and by clicking on the + signs on its left side you can identify which NHDFlowline is related to this Catchment.

Now lets do a Trace Upstream to select a set of  Flowlines.   Zoom to a USGS station of your choice.

In the Utility Network Analyst Toolbar, Place an Edge Flag on the USGS gage.

Trace upstream. Click the Solve button (Make sure that you have set Analysis/Options to Selection.)

This gives you the selection of the flowlines flowing into the USGS gage. To find the catchments that are associated to the USGS gage we will now invoke our relationship class we created previously.

Right click the NHDFlowline feature class and open the attribute table. You can see the selected features. Click Options and browse to Related Tables. You will see the relationship we created shown as CatchmenthasFlowline. Click the table.

This opens the Attribute Table of the Catchment feature class. You can see that the Catchments related to the selected flowlines are automatically selected.

Using this table we can now find the number and the area of the catchments associated with any USGS gage.   In the USGSGageEvents feature class the Drainage Area in Square Miles of the watershed upstream of the gage is given by the attribute DA_SQ_Mile.

To be turned in: Make a layout of the related catchments and flowlines to the USGS gage near the Blanco River at Kyle. Find the number and the total area of the catchments associated with gaging station. What percent of the total San Marcos basin does this constitute? Compare it with the area given in the USGS gage feature class.

Longest Flowpath

Use Selection/Clear Selected Features in the ArcMap toolbar to clear all the selections you made in the last section.  Use Analysis/Clear Flags in the Network Utility Analyst Toolbar to clear the Edge Flag you’ve been using.

Zoom into the top of the network, place an edge flag there and execute a TraceDownstream

And if you zoom back to the extent of the layer, open its attribute table and hit Selected for the records, you’ll see that 93 of the 557 flowlines in the network have been selected by this process.

If you move along to the LengthKm attribute, right click on the field and select Statistics.  You can get a table of statistics of the selected records, from which you can find the average line length in km and the total length along the flow path that you’ll need shortly.

Save again your ArcMap display as SanMarcosNetwork.mxd so you can come back and get this information if you need it later.

To be turned in: What is the total flow length from top to bottom of the San Marcos Basin (km).  What is the average length of the 93 NHDFlowLines on this flow path (km).

Using the Base Flow Index

Open the attribute table of the USGSGagEvent feature class. One of the fields present is called BFI_Ave. This refers to the average Annual Base Flow Index (BFI). BFI refers to the percentage of the flow which is Base flow i.e. that part of the stream discharge that is not attributable to direct runoff from precipitation or melting snow; it is usually sustained by groundwater. The Base Flow Index (BFI) is used as a measure of the base flow characteristics of catchments. It provides a systematic way of assessing the proportion of base flow in the total runoff of a catchment.1 Let’s try and explore it further. We will symbolize the Basin using BFI on the gaging stations. Right click the USGSGagEvents feature class and go to properties. Under the Symbology tab go to Quantities and pick graduated symbols. In values select BFI_Ave from the drop down menu.

Click OK.  Go to Properties/Labels and set the Label Field to be BFI_Ave   Right click on the USGSGageEvents feature class and Label Features You can produce a display like the one shown below.  Increase the Font size so that you can read the values clearly.

This shows that at some gages 95% of the flow is Base Flow while at other locations only 5% is base flow. For more information on how to determine base flow, see http://www.usbr.gov/pmts/hydraulics_lab/twahl/bfi/  from which the following picture has been extracted.  Base flow is the flow beneath the red line in this graph and surface runoff is the excess flow defined by the difference between the blue line and the red line.

Why should there be so much variation in the base flow in the San Marcos Basin? The stations on the San Marcos river at San Marcos and Luling are right above the Edwards Aquifer and draw significant amounts of water from it to fulfill their needs. Let’s visualize the Edwards aquifer to get a better understanding of this phenomenon.

Add the Aquifer feature class from the Geomorphology dataset in the geodatabase. This is the Edwards Aquifer.   I have symbolized this as we did in Exercise 2 using the Aquifer attribute, and also sized the rivers according to their flows. Cool!

The mean annual flow in (cfs) at each gage is given by the attribute AVE in the USGSGageEvents feature class.

The proportion of this as base flow is given by BFI_AVE.  By taking the product of these two quantities you can estimate the mean annual amount of base flow at each gage.

To be turned in: Make a layout of the Edwards Aquifer overlayed on the San Marcos basin.  What is the river on the right that has low base flow.  What is the river on the left that has high base flow.  Make a base flow balance between these two rivers to see if you can reasonably predict the base flow at the most downstream station (the San Marcos River at Ottine).

Storm Precipitation Animation

We are going to create a time series of precipitation for a storm over the San Marcos basin that created a big flood in July of 2002.  Here is a graph from the USGS NWIS site of the flow during this period of the San Marcos River at Luling.  You’ll see that there is a main peak in the flood flows in early July and then a secondary peak about July 18 after more rain fell.

A file of Nexrad precipitation for June 28 through July 18, 2002 for the San Marcos Basin, can be found as:   ST4_Agg_2002-TEST.nc that is in the Ex5 dataset for this exercise.

In ArcMap, open Arc Toolbox and select the Multidimension Tools/Make NetCDF Raster Layer

Select this netCDF file for the tool and select time as the Dimension Value

This shows precipitation over all of the United States for these days.  Add the San Marcos Basin to the display and zoom to it.  Symbolize the Nexrad display as shown below and color the lowest category blank so you don’t see anything where there is little rain.   The values shown are Daily Rainfall in mm.

Now, lets create a time layer animation.  Use Toolbars/Animation to get the Animation Toolbar

And then select Create Time Layer Animation

Fill in the fields as shown below and click “Show time in the display”

Click on  in the Animation toolbar to open the Animation Controls

And it works!!

To be turned in: A map of the distribution of rainfall on 30 June 2002 over the San Marcos basin).

Basin Mean Precipitation

Compute zonal statistics

Set the duration of the simulation to be 30 seconds so it doesn’t go by too quickly.  You can start and stop the animation using the animation controls.    Open Spatial Analyst and use Zonal Statistics with Subbasin as the Zone dataset, HUC_8 as the zone field and the remainder of the information as shown below.  For June 30, entitle the resulting table MeanPrecipJune30.dbf

Here is are the data that you derive – you can see there is a statistical description of the precipitation across the basin.

Move the animation forward one day and repeat this Zonalstats for each day of the storm.  Note the mean rainfall for each day.

Finally, create a graph of the mean total precipitation (in inches) versus the date to see the trend. For a comparison to the stream flow, visit the USGS Surface-Water Daily Data site at http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/dv/?referred_module=sw and search for a site based on site name, then hit Submit.

To be turned in: Graphs of the mean precipitation versus time over the San Marcos Basin and the discharge USGS gage data for the San Marcos River at Luling over the same time period. How many days does it take rainfall over this basin to appear as streamflow at Luling?  If the rainfall is in mm/day, the streamflow in cfs, and the basin area is 838 square miles, what percentage of the rainfall from June 28 through July 20 became streamflow at the outlet during this period?

OK. You are done!

Summary of items to be turned in:

(1) Make a layout of the related catchments and flowlines to the USGS gage near the Blanco River at Kyle. Find the number and the total area of the catchments associated with gaging station. What percent of the total San Marcos basin does this constitute? Compare it with the area given in the USGS gage feature class.

(2) What is the total flow length from top to bottom of the San Marcos Basin (km).  What is the average length of the 93 NHDFlowlines on this flow path (km).

(3) To be turned in: Make a layout of the Edwards Aquifer overlayed on the San Marcos basin.  What is the river on the right that has low base flow?  What is the river on the left that has high base flow?  Make a base flow balance between these two rivers to see if you can reasonably predict the base flow at the most downstream station (the San Marcos River at Ottine).

(4) A map of the distribution of rainfall on 30 June 2002 over the San Marcos basin.

(5)  Graphs of the mean precipitation versus time over the San Marcos Basin and the discharge USGS gage data for the San Marcos River at Luling over the same time period. How many days does it take rainfall over this basin to appear as streamflow at Luling?  If the rainfall is in mm/day, the streamflow in cfs, and the basin area is 838 square miles, what percentage of the rainfall from June 28 through July 20 became streamflow at the outlet during this period?